A last-minute amendment to a Kentucky regulatory bill has ignited a fierce debate between state lawmakers and the cryptocurrency industry, with advocates warning the proposal could effectively outlaw self-custody in the Bluegrass State.

The controversy centers on House Bill 380, a 77-page legislative package primarily designed to regulate bitcoin ATMs.

According to critics, a late-hour floor amendment has shifted the spotlight toward hardware wallet providers such as Ledger and Trezor. The amended language of HB 380 mandates that any person or company providing a hardware wallet include a mechanism to assist users in resetting passwords, PINs or seed phrases.

Specifically, the bill requires providers to maintain a live, toll-free customer service line for Kentucky residents. They must also provide a functional reset mechanism for credentials necessary to access the wallet’s contents and verify the user’s identity through methods other than the security credentials themselves.

Failure to comply with these requirements would be classified as an “unfair, false, misleading, or deceptive act” under Kentucky’s consumer protection laws, empowering the attorney general to seek civil penalties.

The Bitcoin Policy Institute (BPI) sounded the alarm this week, describing the mandate as a fundamental misunderstanding of how decentralized technology works.

“The mandate is technologically impossible for non-custodial wallets,” the BPI stated in a post on X. “Hardware wallets are specifically designed so that no one, including the manufacturer, can access or recover a user’s seed phrase.”

By requiring a manufacturer to have the ability to reset or recover private keys, the bill essentially demands the creation of a “backdoor.” Critics argue this would create a massive central point of failure, making users more vulnerable to the very hacks and fraud the bill seeks to prevent.

The bill, sponsored by state Reps. Tom Smith and Aaron Thompson, is said to have political support. Proponents of the measure suggest the intent is consumer protection, aiming to help residents who lose access to their digital wealth. However, the technical reality of blockchain security means that “resetting” a seed phrase is not a feature manufacturers can simply toggle on; it would require a complete re-engineering of the devices, stripping them of their “non-custodial” status.

Despite the outcry, HB 380 has already advanced through the Kentucky House of Representatives. It now moves to the Senate, where industry leaders are expected to lobby for the removal or total revision of Section 33 before it reaches the governor’s desk.

If passed in its current form, Kentucky would become the first state to legally mandate recovery protocols for private keys—a move that could force major hardware providers to stop shipping products to the state to avoid legal liability.

• What is House Bill 380? House Bill 380 is a Kentucky regulatory bill aimed at regulating virtual currency kiosks, but recent amendments have raised concerns about self-custody for cryptocurrency.
  What does the amendment require from hardware wallet providers? The amendment mandates that hardware wallet providers maintain a toll-free customer service line and offer mechanisms to reset passwords and verify user identities.
  Why is the Bitcoin Policy Institute against the bill? The Bitcoin Policy Institute argues that the requirements are “technologically impossible” for non-custodial wallets, potentially creating security vulnerabilities.
  What are the implications if HB 380 is passed? If passed, Kentucky would be the first state to mandate recovery protocols for private keys, which may lead hardware providers to cease shipping products to the state.

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