Pharos Network redefines the standards for Layer-1 blockchain infrastructure.

Pharos Network is a high-performance modular Layer 1 public chain, with core advantages in scalability, interoperability, and security. Pharos is dedicated to providing efficient execution, consensus, and customized support for the next generation of blockchains, boasting a processing capacity of 50,000 transactions per second (50K TPS), 2 Gigagas of throughput, and DP level 5 performance (the highest standard among current EVM-compatible chains).

This article will delve into the architectural design of Pharos Network from the following dimensions: consensus mechanism, execution model, storage innovation, network layer optimization, pipeline efficiency, and the modular SPN framework.

Pharos Network Architecture Analysis

Pharos Network adopts a modular and customizable layered architecture design, achieving the dual goals of high performance and flexible upgrades through the decoupling of the execution layer, consensus layer, settlement layer, and data availability layer. Below, we will analyze the core technical design layer by layer.

• Network Layer

  • Utilizes an optimized P2P Gossip protocol for low-latency message transmission

  • Built-in communication channels across SPN (Special Processing Network)

• Consensus Layer

  • Based on an adaptive asynchronous BFT consensus protocol, combining high fault tolerance with low latency characteristics

  • Transaction ordering optimization algorithm to reduce the load on validation nodes and improve efficiency

• Execution Layer

  • Dual virtual machine support: EVM-compatible layer + WASM high-performance execution environment

  • Equipped with and supports an LLVM-based execution engine, parallel transaction processing, optimistic execution, and SALI (Smart Access List Inference)

• Settlement Layer

  • Cross-chain re-staking mechanism for validation nodes, achieving shared security within the ecosystem

  • Sub-second transaction finality under multiple execution environments

• Data Availability and Storage Layer

  • Pharos Store: An efficient blockchain storage model supporting multi-version control

  • Utilizes ADS push-down compression technology and Delta encoding, dynamic I/O optimization, reducing disk read and write overhead

• SPN (Special Processing Network) Framework

  • SPN allows developers to customize the blockchain execution layer and freely configure the consensus model

  • Semi-independent operating mode: maintaining independent scalability while enjoying the security and data of the mainnet

Next, we will explore the key technical implementations and innovative designs at each layer.

Network Layer

The network layer is the foundation of all communications in the system, efficiently propagating blocks, transactions, and consensus messages using an optimized P2P Gossip protocol. The protocol features adaptive bandwidth allocation capabilities, dynamically adjusting resources based on real-time network load, ensuring high-speed transaction and data transmission even under high-pressure conditions. Additionally, this layer supports cross-SPN communication channels, providing low-latency interoperability support for different execution environments.

Pharos Consensus Mechanism

Pharos Network employs an innovative consensus design that combines BFT fault tolerance mechanisms with asynchronous execution and fast path submission protocols, enhancing system throughput, transaction fairness, and final confirmation speed. Unlike traditional BFT implementations, Pharos does not require a fixed leader role and round-based communication; instead, it allows multiple validation nodes to initiate, validate, and submit transactions in parallel, effectively avoiding performance bottlenecks caused by a single leader.

This consensus mechanism also implements dynamic transaction ordering functionality, ensuring transaction fairness, reducing bias in the block creation process, and maintaining global transaction order consistency even in cases of significant network fluctuations. Notably, the fast path execution mechanism allows transactions that meet specific conditions to bypass the complete consensus process and directly enter the confirmation stage, thereby reducing the average confirmation time and improving overall system throughput. This meticulously designed consensus mechanism enables Pharos Network to support high throughput and low latency stable operations globally.

Key Features:

• Asynchronous execution architecture

• Dynamic transaction ordering

• Fast path execution

• Optimized leader rotation and voting mechanism

Pharos Execution Layer

The core of the Pharos execution layer lies in its innovative execution engine, which provides developers with great flexibility through a dual virtual machine environment (EVM + WASM). The execution engine combines LLVM-based intermediate representation (IR) conversion and speculative parallel processing technology, employing multiple performance optimization measures, including opcode fusion, register promotion, and speculative execution. These optimization techniques allow smart contracts to execute in parallel while ensuring the determinism of execution results.

To further enhance execution efficiency, Pharos introduces Smart Access List Inference (SALI) technology. SALI can predict the state entries that contracts will access through static or dynamic analysis, enabling the execution engine to group transactions with non-overlapping state access patterns for parallel execution, thus avoiding state access conflicts. Additionally, this technology can pre-load contract state objects, accelerating execution speed.

Pharos also provides Ph-WASM, a WASM runtime environment specifically designed for blockchain. Ph-WASM not only supports deterministic high-speed execution but also natively supports programming languages such as Rust and Go, allowing developers to build high-performance, portable dApps and AI models directly on-chain.

Key Features:

• Supports optimistic execution and transaction grouping

• Smart Access List Inference (SALI) technology

• Ph-WASM environment supporting multi-language smart contracts

Pharos Store Storage System

Pharos Store is a scalable high-performance blockchain storage system specifically designed to address state bloat and low I/O efficiency issues. This innovative data storage engine is designed to support verified versioned state storage. The system employs two core technologies: Delta encoding multi-version Merkle tree (DMM-Tree) and log-structured versioned page storage (LSVPS), effectively eliminating the efficiency issues present in traditional systems based on Merkle Patricia Trie.

Compared to Ethereum's trie storage model, Pharos Store achieves faster state retrieval, supports parallel Merkle processing, and reduces overall storage overhead by 80%. The system only stores modified state incremental data and employs a version-based indexing mechanism, significantly reducing write amplification effects, resulting in an I/O throughput increase of up to 15.8 times.

Pharos Store adopts an append-only storage model, ensuring data safety during concurrent writes and enabling quick recovery after node crashes. Additionally, the system has the capability to generate efficient validation proofs for light clients and supports intelligent hierarchical storage management for hot and cold data.

Key Features:

• Delta encoding multi-version Merkle tree (DMM-Tree) technology

• Log-structured versioned page storage (LSVPS) solution

• Lightweight SPN asset transfer protocol

Pharos Pipeline

The Pharos pipeline employs a multi-stage parallel execution architecture, effectively addressing the performance bottlenecks caused by synchronous state execution and sequential block validation in traditional blockchain systems. By parallelizing key processes such as execution, Merkleization, and state confirmation, it enhances the utilization efficiency of CPU, disk I/O, and network resources.

Main Processing Stages:

• Parallel Block Processing:

  • Concurrent processing of execution, Merkleization, and state updates

• Dynamic Resource Scheduling:

  • Allocating CPU, I/O, and network resources based on real-time demand

• Flexible Confirmation Mechanism:

  • Implementing ordering, transaction, and block finalization at different layers

Each processing stage of the Pharos pipeline supports dynamic resource allocation based on real-time throughput demands. The system innovatively designs a flexible final confirmation layer, allowing dApps and clients to obtain early confirmations of transaction ordering and execution results before the block is fully confirmed, a feature particularly important for high-frequency trading, DeFi, and other real-time applications.

Through its intelligent adaptive scheduling algorithm and efficient resource coordination mechanism, the Pharos pipeline can achieve a throughput of over 200,000 TPS under a 64-core execution framework, while reducing latency by 30%-50% compared to standard blockchain pipeline models.

Pharos SPN Architecture

Pharos SPN (Special Processing Network) is an execution environment tailored for specific applications, deeply integrated into the Pharos mainnet architecture while maintaining independent operational logic and configuration systems. Each SPN has a complete independent execution engine, validation node cluster, re-staking incentive mechanism, and governance rules framework.

SPN Architecture

• SPN Manager:

  • Maintains lifecycle management, node registry, and governance rule execution

• SPN Adapter:

  • Facilitates cross-SPN communication and message validation

• Re-staking and Shared Validator Security:

  • Allows validators to re-stake assets across multiple SPNs

SPNs are particularly suitable for compute-intensive tasks, such as zero-knowledge machine learning proofs (zkML proofs), secure multi-party computation (SMPC), AI model training, and DeFi derivatives. They support mandatory inclusion and emergency mechanisms, ensuring that transactions cannot be censored while safeguarding user asset autonomy.

In terms of interoperability, SPNs interact through cross-SPN interoperability protocols, enabling atomic execution and data sharing across SPNs and the main chain. Validators can re-stake $stPHRS into any SPN and receive corresponding $rstPHRS tokens, which can be used for governance, delegation, and liquidity mining.

Cross-SPN Interoperability

• Cross-SPN Messaging Protocol:

  • Achieves seamless collaborative execution across multiple blockchain layers

• Anti-censorship and Emergency Mechanisms:

  • Protects users from forced transaction censorship

Interoperability and Cross-Chain Communication

Pharos Network natively supports cross-chain applications from its inception, providing two major communication protocols—internal (inter-SPN interaction) and cross-chain communication (interconnecting with external blockchains). The cross-SPN messaging framework ensures trustless message relaying between SPNs, using proofs and consensus signatures to verify authenticity.

Key Features:

• Cross-chain messaging

• Cross-SPN data synchronization

• Multi-VM smart contract interaction

These features provide critical support for applications such as cross-chain DeFi, real-world asset (RWA) settlement, oracle networks, and collaborative AI models across execution environments.

Overall, Pharos Network redefines the standards for Layer-1 blockchain infrastructure by integrating modular design, high-performance processing, parallel computing, and composability at every layer of our architecture. The unique combination of adaptive consensus mechanisms, parallel execution engines, multi-virtual machine architectures, high-speed storage systems, and the modular SPN framework enables developers to build applications with high scalability, anti-censorship, and security.

Pharos Network is committed to seamlessly connecting traditional finance (TradFi) with decentralized finance (DeFi), providing institutional-grade blockchain infrastructure support for AI-driven decentralized applications, private financial transactions, and scalable DeFi ecosystems.

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