Turing Machine Computational paradigm: computable Operation mode: External Computation Methodology: Top down Logical feature: Determinism Philosophical Foundation: Reductionism Typical applications: traditional algorithms, programmatic control, formal logical reasoning Oracle Machine/Relative Turing Machine Computational paradigm: Relatively computable → Decidability Operation mode: Endogenous Computation Methodology: Bottom up Logical features: Adaptability, Indeterminism Philosophical Foundation: Evolutionary Theory Typical applications: complex systems, learning systems, inductive and analogical reasoning, AI and consensus mechanisms